The role of Radiation Therapists in Addressing the Side Effects of Radiation Exposure

Radiotherapy is one of the primary methods of treatment when it comes to malignant diseases, used both radically and palliatively. Modern advances in radiotherapy, such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy, volumetric-modulated arc therapy, image-guided radiotherapy, surface-guided radiotherapy, enable better organ sparing. Nevertheless, side effects remain common and are a consequence of higher radiation doses, other cancer treatments as well as pre-existing organ damage. The side effects are generally divided into modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Formers are mostly related to treatment decisions and procedures, whereas latter are linked to the patient’s individual characteristics. Another way to classify the side effects that radiotherapy can cause is into acute and late side effects. Acute symptoms occur during treatment or within a short period after its completion. They are heterogeneous and depend on the irradiated anatomical region, total radiation dose, irradiated volume, individual patient characteristics, and concurrent oncological treatments. Both the type and severity of acute symptoms can vary substantially among patients, highlighting the need for individualized care and ongoing patient monitoring throughout the course of treatment. Late effects, which occur in tissues where cells divide slowly, are often more severe and irreversible. Radiation therapist (RTT) acts as a technical expert while also serving as an important support in patient care. The role of RTT’s can vary greatly from country to country. In some countries before the start of radiotherapy, for example Australia and the United Kingdom (UK), the RTT’s task is to also have a discussion with the patient where they thoroughly explain the course of treatment and provide written information so that the patient can review what has been discussed at their own pace. On the contrary, in Slovenia, that is a task assigned to the radiation oncologist. Another very important strategy for minimizing side effects, in which RTTs play an important role, is careful patient preparation on the computed tomography simulator and precise execution of the irradiation procedure itself. During the entire treatment, it is important that RTTs approach patients with professional, clear and empathetic communication as it contributes to better patient experience and to the timely identification of treatment-related problems. Counselling, clinical actions and documentation of the radiotherapy process and its associated side effects are essential components of healthcare professionals' roles in the management of oncology patients. It is essential that, despite the heterogeneity of professional groups among clinical staff, they collaborate effectively and actively include the patient in the treatment process. Insufficient involvement and inadequate information about the treatment course and side effects could lead to poorer treatment adherence, increased anxiety, and reduced satisfaction with care. It is important to put an emphasis on prevention, early intervention, and emphatic communication, as it contributes not only to reducing the severity of side effects but also to improving patient experience, increasing trust in treatment, and achieving better long-term outcomes.