The Mammary Gland: Anatomy, Histology, Pathology and Post-Surgery Physiotherapy Management

The mammary gland is a highly specialized organ dedicated to milk production, composed of glandular, connective, and adipose tissues. It undergoes dynamic structural changes throughout life, influenced by hormonal cycles essential for reproduction and lactation. Despite its vital physiological role, the mammary gland is susceptible to pathological conditions, most notably breast carcinoma, which remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. This article provides an overview of the anatomy, histology, pathology, and physiotherapy rehabilitation strategies related to the mammary gland. A literature review was conducted drawing from peer-reviewed articles, textbooks, and guidelines to examine mammary gland anatomy, histology, breast carcinoma, and physiotherapy approaches following surgery. The lymphatic system, particularly the axillary lymph nodes, plays a crucial role in immune defense and serves as the primary route for metastatic spread in breast cancer, making it a key diagnostic and prognostic marker. Breast carcinoma can be benign, non-invasive malignant, or invasive malignant. Invasive carcinomas, including ductal and lobular carcinoma, are the most aggressive and frequently metastasize through lymphatic pathways. Post-surgical physiotherapy plays a vital role in managing complications like lymphedema, improving upper limb mobility, and supporting psychological well-being. Rehabilitation involves methods like manual lymphatic drainage, compression therapy, and advanced treatments, including lowlevel laser therapy, all aimed at accelerating recovery and enhancing quality of life. In Slovenia, physiotherapy protocols emphasize early patient education, gradual exercise progression, and lymphedema prevention. Personalized strategies integrating anatomical and pathological knowledge significantly enhance recovery outcomes and quality of life for breast cancer patients.