Upper Limb Mobility after Breast Cancer Surgery: Pathoanatomical Changes and Physiotherapy Approaches

Breast cancer often leads to functional impairments of the upper limb, manifesting as pain, reduced range of motion, muscle weakness, and lymphedema. These changes can significantly affect patients’ quality of life and independence. The aim of this article was to present post-treatment pathoanatomical changes affecting the upper limb mobility following breast cancer surgery, and to evaluate modern physiotherapy approaches aimed at improving upper limb mobility and function. A literature review was conducted using scientific databases to analyze studies from 1990 to 2025, focusing on post-surgical upper limb complications and physiotherapy for breast cancer patients. Evidence was synthesized from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and original research. The most common impairments following breast cancer treatment involve neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, and lymphovascular disorders of the ipsilateral upper limb, all of which may lead to reduced upper limb mobility. Physiotherapy represents a key component of comprehensive care for breast cancer survivors. Early initiation of structured and individualized physiotherapy interventions significantly improves range of motion, reduces pain, and enhances functional capacity of the affected limb, improving overall quality of life.