Breast Reconstruction and its Impact on Movement: Considerations for Physiotherapy Management

Breast reconstruction following mastectomy has become an integral component of comprehensive breast cancer care, offering significant psychosocial and quality-of-life benefits. However, reconstructive procedures may also lead to movement limitations and functional impairments, primarily affecting the upper limb and, in autologous reconstructions, the donor site. This article provides an overview of the impact of different breast reconstruction techniques on movement and functional outcomes, with an emphasis on implications for physiotherapy intervention. A literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles, systematic reviews, and clinical guidelines published between 2000 and 2025, focusing on implant-based and autologous reconstruction methods. The findings indicate that upper limb and shoulder girdle dysfunction, including reduced shoulder range of motion, muscle weakness, pain, altered scapular kinematics, and compensatory movement patterns, is common after breast reconstruction. Implant-based procedures are mainly associated with pectoralis muscle tightness and shoulder dysfunction, while autologous techniques such as latissimus dorsi and abdominal flaps may result in additional deficits at the donor site. Evidence supports the effectiveness of structured, individualized, and progressive physiotherapy in improving functional recovery and preventing long-term impairment. Integrating reconstruction- specific rehabilitation into multidisciplinary breast cancer care is essential for optimizing long-term functional outcomes and overall quality of life.