Artefacts on Mammograms: Recognition, Causes and Prevention

Digital mammography represents the foundation of modern screening and diagnostic strategies for breast cancer detection, as it enables high resolution imaging, precise visualization of tissue structures, and early identification of pathological changes. This article aims to present artefacts on mammographic images, their origin, characteristics, and impact on diagnostic image quality, as well as to emphasize the importance of their recognition and prevention in clinical practice. A literature review was conducted drawing from peer-reviewed articles, textbooks, and guidelines published between 1995 and 2025, to examine recognition, causes and prevention of artefacts. Mammography is an imaging method that uses low-dose x-rays to create detailed pictures of the breast. Mammograms are performed in at least two standard views, the craniocaudal view (CC) and the mediolateral oblique (MLO). An artefact is any variation in mammographic density not caused by true attenuation differences of the breast. Radiographers are the first to encounter patients and perform the examination, so it is important that they know how to recognize artifacts in images, understand why they occur, and know how to reduce or prevent them if possible. The recognition and prevention of artefacts in mammography is a crucial role in ensuring accurate detection of breast pathology. Prevention of artefact occurring is more valuable than to recognize them after they have occurred. Artefacts can be divided into four main groups: patient related, detector based, equipment related and post-acquisition related. Patient related artefacts remain one of the most common causes of reduced image quality. Simple factors such as hair, antiperspirant or slight movement, can produce findings that resemble a pathology, most commonly microcalcifications. Maintaining high diagnostic accuracy, reducing unnecessary repeat examinations, and improving breast cancer detection outcomes critically depend on heightened awareness, preventive strategies, and careful artifact recognition.