Lymphoedema after Breast Cancer Surgery: Anatomical Background and Physiotherapy Interventions

Breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) is a common long-term complication following breast cancer surgery, resulting from impaired lymphatic transport due to surgical and radiotherapeutic damage to lymphatic structures. The anatomical interconnection between lymphatic drainage of the breast and the upper limb plays a central role in the development of lymphoedema after axillary interventions. Lymphatic dysfunction leads to the accumulation of protein-rich interstitial fluid, contributing to the progression of a chronic condition characterised by physical, functional, and psychosocial impairments. Physiotherapy represents a cornerstone of conservative management, with complex decongestive therapy incorporating compression therapy, manual lymphatic drainage, therapeutic exercise, skin care, and patient education. Current evidence supports the safety and benefits of appropriately prescribed exercise, while adjunct interventions may provide additional supportive effects. An interdisciplinary, evidence-based approach with active patient participation is essential to optimise prevention, management, and long-term outcomes of BCRL in breast cancer survivors.